SECOND PROFESSIONAL YEAR
PHYSIOLOGY-II
KINESIOLOGY-II & ERGONOMICS
BIOCHEMISTRY & GENETICS
MEDICAL PHYSICS
HEALTH & WELLNESS
BEHAVIOURAL SCIENCES
Total Marks: 900
ANATOMY II
THEORY HOURS 350
PRACTICAL HOURS 100
TOTAL HOURS 450
COURSE DESCRIPTION:
The focus of this course is an in-depth study and analysis of the regional and systemic organization of the body. Emphasis is placed upon structure and function of human movement. A comprehensive study of human anatomy with emphasis on the nervous, skeletal, muscle, and circulatory systems is incorporated. Introduction to general anatomy lays the foundation of the course. Dissection and identification of structures in the cadaver supplemented with the study of charts, models, prosected materials and radiographs are utilized to identify anatomical landmarks and configurations of embryology, head and neck, neuroanatomy and abdomen and pelvis.
Anatomy-II Total Marks : 200
Theory:
The examination in the subject of Anatomy -II shall consist of three hours duration and of maximum 90 marks each. Internal Assessment shall be of 10 Marks each.
There will be 09 short essay questions in each paper from the subject of Anatomy-II and there will be no choice. Each short essay question will carry 05 marks.
There will be 45 MCQs in paper and each question will carry 01 mark.
Oral/ Practical Examination in the subject of Anatomy-II will consist of maximum 90 marks. Internal Assessment shall be of 10 Marks.
DETAILED COURSE OUTLINE
NERVOUS SYSTEM
Definition
Outline of cellular architecture
Classification of nervous system
Parts of the central nervous system
Microscopic picture of cerebrum, cerebellum, spinal cord
Functional components of a nerve
Typical spinal nerve
Microscopic picture of nerve
Introduction of autonomic nervous system
Anatomy of neuromuscular junction
THORAX
STRUCTURES OF THE THORACIC WALL:
Dorsal spine (Vertebrae)
Sternum
Costal Cartilages & Ribs
Intercostal Muscles
Intercostal Nerves
Diaphragm
Blood supply of thoracic wall
Lymphatic drainage of thoracic wall
Joints of thorax
THORACIC CAVITY:
Mediastinum
Pleura
Trachea
Lungs
Bronchopulmonary segments
Pericardium
Heart – Its blood supply, venous drainage & nerve supply
Large veins of thorax, superior and in-ferior vena cava., pulmonary veins brachiocephalic veins.
Large Arteries – Aorta & its branches
EMBRYOLOGY:
GENERAL
Male and female reproductive organs.
Cell division and Gametogenesis.
Fertilization, cleavage, blastocyst formation and implantation of the embryo. Stages of early embryonic development in second and third week of intrauterine life
Foetal membrane (amniotic cavity, yolk sac, allantois, umbilical cord and Placenta).
Developmental defects
SPECIAL:
Musculoskeletal system
Cardiovascular system
CNS
THE HEAD AND NECK
The Neck:
Muscles around the neck
Triangles of the neck
Main arteries of the neck
Main veins of the neck
Cervical part of sympathetic trunk
Cervical plexus
Cervical spine (Vertebrae)
Joint of neck
The face:
Sensory nerves of the face
Bones of the face
Muscles of the face
Facial nerve
Muscles of mastication
Mandible
Hyoid bone
Temporomandibular joint
Brief description of orbit and nasal cavity
The Skull:
Bones of skull
Anterior cranial fossa
Middle cranial fossa
Posterior cranial fossa
Base of skull
Structures passing through foramina
Neuro Anatomy:
Central Nervous System: Disposition, Parts and Functions
Brain stem (Pons, Medulla, and Mid Brain)
Cerebrum
Cerebellum
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Internal Capsule
Blood Supply of Brain
Stroke and its types
Ventricles of Brain
CSF circulation and Hydrocephalus
Meninges of Brain
Neural pathways (Neural Tracts)
Pyramidal and Extra pyramidal System (Ascending and Descending tracts)
Functional significance of Spinal cord level
Cranial Nerves with special emphasis upon IV, V, VII, XI, XII (their course, distribution, and palsies).
Autonomic nervous system, its components
Nerve receptors
SPINAL CORD
Gross appearance
Structure of spinal cord
Grey and white matter (brief description)
Meninges of spinal cord
Blood supply of spinal cord
Autonomic Nervous system
ABDOMEN & PELVIS:
Abdominal Wall:
Structures of anterior abdominal wall: superficial and deep muscles
Structure of rectus sheath
Structures of Posterior abdominal wall
Lumbar spine (vertebrae)
Brief description of viscera
Pelvis
Brief description of anterior, posterior and lateral walls of the pelvis
Inferior pelvic wall or pelvic floor muscles
Sacrum
Brief description of perineum
Nerves of perineum
Practical
During study of Gross Anatomy, emphasis should be given on applied aspect, radiological anatomy, surface anatomy and cross-sectional anatomy of the region covered in the respective semester /year
Recommended Text Books:
Gray’s Anatomy by Prof. Susan Standring 39th Ed., Elsevier.
Clinical Anatomy for Medical Students by Richard S.Snell.
Clinically Oriented Anatomy by Keith Moore.
Clinical Anatomy by R.J. Last, Latest Ed.
Cunningham’s Manual of Practical Anatomy by G.J. Romanes, 15th Ed., Vol-I, II and III.
The Developing Human. Clinically Oriented Embryology by Keith L. Moore, 6th Ed.
Wheater’s Functional Histology by Young and Heath, Latest Ed.
Medical Histology by Prof. Laiq Hussain.
Neuroanatomy by Richard S.Snell
PHYSIOLOGY II
THEORY HOURS 200
PRACTICAL HOURS 100
TOTAL HOURS 300
COURSE DESCRIPTION:
The course is designed to study the function of the human body at the molecular, cellular, tissue and systems levels, The major underlying themes are: the mechanisms for promoting homeostasis; cellular processes of metabolism, membrane function and cellular signaling; the mechanisms that match supply of nutrients to tissue demands at different activity levels; the mechanisms that match the rate of excretion of waste products to their rate of production; the mechanisms that defend the body against injury and promote healing.
These topics are addressed by a consideration of nervous and endocrine regulation of the cardiovascular, hematopoietic, pulmonary, renal, gastrointestinal, and musculoskeletal systems, including the control of cellular metabolism. The integrative nature of physiological responses in normal function and disease is stressed throughout
This course provides the foundation for the further course as exercise physiology, pathology, etc This course additionally aims to develop a critical appreciation of exercise and applied physiology, enabling design of specialist injury prevention, rehabilitation and performance enhancement programmes and strategies
Physiology-II Total Marks : 200
Theory:
The examination in the subject of Physiology-II shall consist of three hours duration and of maximum 90 marks each. Internal Assessment shall be of 10 Marks each.
There will be 09 short essay questions in each paper from the subject of Physiology-II and there will be no choice. Each short essay question will carry 05 marks.
There will be 45 MCQs in paper and each question will carry 01 mark.
Oral/ Practical Examination in the subject of Physiology-II will consist of maximum 90 marks. Internal Assessment shall be of 10 Marks.
DETAILED COURSE OUTLINE
NERVOUS SYSTEM
General organization of the nervous system.,
Classification of nerve fibers.,
Properties of synaptic transmission,
Function of neurotransmitters and neuropeptides.
Type and function of sensory receptors.,
Function of the spinal cord and ascending tracts.,
Reflex action and reflexes.
Muscle spindle and muscle tone.
Mechanism of touch,
temperature and pain.,
Functions of the cerebral cortex.
Difference between the sensory and motor cortex and their functions,
Motor pathways including pyramidal and extrapyramidal,
Basal Ganglia and its functions.
Cerebellum and its function.,
Control of posture and equilibrium.
Physiology of sleep.
Physiology of memory,
Mechanism and control of speech.
Function of the thalamus,
Function of the hypothalamus and limbic system.
Production of CSF,
Mechanism of temperature regulation,
Function of the autonomic nervous system and the physiological changes of aging.
Clinical Module
Significance of dermatomes.
Injuries of the spinal cord.
Hemiplegia and paraplegia.
Parkinsonism.
Effects of cerebellar dysfunction.
ENDOCRINOLOGY
Classification of endocrine glands,
Mechanism of action,
feedback and control of hormonal secretion.
Functions of the hypothalamus,
Hormones secreted by the anterior and posterior pituitary and their mechanism of action and function.. Function of the thyroid gland.,
Function of the parathyroid gland.,
Calcium metabolism and its regulation.
Secretion and function of calcitonin,
Hormones secreted by the adrenal cortex and medulla, and their function and mechanism of action.
Endocrine functions of the pancreas, Control of blood sugar. Hormones secreted by the gastrointestinal system and their function.
Function of the thymus,
The endocrine functions of the kidney and Physiology of growth.
Clinical Module
Acromegaly, gigantism and dwarfism.
Effects of panhypopitutiarism.
Diabetes insipidus.
Thyrotoxicosis and myxoedema.
Pheochromocytoma.
Cushing’s disease.
Adrenogenital syndrome.
Diabetes mellitus and hypoglycaemila.
REPRODUCTION
Function of the male reproductive system, Spermatogenesis.,
Mechanism of erection and ejaculation.,
Production and function of testosterone and Physiological changes during male puberty.
Function of the female reproductive system.,
Production and function of oestrogen, and progesterone,
Menstrual cycle,
Physiological changes during female puberty and menopause,
Pregnancy and the physiological changes taking place in the mother.
Function of the placenta,
Parturition and lactation.
Neonatal physiology.
Clinical Module
Male infertility.
Female infertility.
Contraception.
Basis for pregnancy tests.
BODY FLUIDS AND KIDNEY
Components and quantitative measurements of body fluids.
Fluid compartments, tissue and lymph fluid.
Structure of the kidney and nephron.
General function of the kidney,
GFR and its regulation.,
Formation of urine including filtration, re-absorption and secretion.
Plasma clearance., Mechanism of concentration and dilution of urine.
Water and electrolyte balance with reference to the kidney,
Role of the kidney in blood pressure regulation.,
Hormonal functions of the kidney.
Acidification of urine and its importance,
Acid base balance with reference to the kidney.,
Micturition and its control.
Clinical Module
Renal function tests and their clinical importance.
Fluid excess and depletion.
Renal failure and dialysis.
Metabolic acidosis and alkalosis.
Abnormalities of micturition.
PHYSIOLOGY PRACTICALS
Nervous System
Examination of superficial and deep reflexes.
Brief examination of the motor and sensory system.
Examination of the cranial nerves.
Special Senses
Measurement of the field of vision.
Measurement of light reflex.
Ophthalmoscopy.
Colour vision.
Hearing tests.
Testing taste and smell.
Pregnancy tests
EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY:
DETAILED COURSE OUTLINE PHYSIOLOGY OF EXERCISE:
Control of internal environment
Homeostasis
Control systems of the body
Nature of the control system
Examples of homeostatic control
Exercise : A test of homeostatic control
Hormonal responses to exercise (brief revision)
Neuroendocrinology
Hormones: Regulation and action
Hormonal control of substrate mobilization during exercise
Measurement of work, power & energy expenditure
Units of measure
Work and power defined
Measurement of work and power
Measurement of energy expenditure
Estimation of energy expenditure
Calculation of exercise efficiency
Circulatory responses to exercise (brief revision):
Organization of the circulatory system
Heart: myocardium and cardiac cycle
Cardiac output
Hemodynamics
Changes in oxygen delivery to muscle during exercise
Circulatory responses to exercise
Regulation of cardiovascular adjustments to exercise
Respiration during exercise (brief revision)
Function of the lung
Structure of respiratory system
Mechanics of breathing
Pulmonary ventilation
Pulmonary volumes and capacities
Diffusion of gases
Blood flow to the lungs
Ventilation-perfusion relationships
O2 and CO2 transport in blood
Ventilation and acid base balance
Ventilatory and blood-gas responses to exercise
Control of ventilation
Temperature regulation
Overview of heat balance during exercise
Overview of heat production/heat loss
Body’s thermostat-hypothalamus
Thermal events during exercise
Exercise in the heat
Exercise in cold environment
The Physiology of Training: Effect on Vo2 Max, Performance, Homeostasis and Strength
Principles of training
Research designs to study training
Endurance training and VO2 max
VO2 max: cardiac output and arterio-venous oxygen difference
Detraining and VO2 max
Endurance training: effects on performance and homeostasis
Endurance training: links between muscle and system physiology
Physiological effects of strength training
Physiological mechanisms causing increased strength
PHYSIOLOGY OF HEALTH AND FITNESS Work tests to evaluate cardio respiratory fitness
Cardio respiratory fitness
Testing procedures
FIELD Tests for estimating CRF
Graded exercise tests: measurements
VO2 max
Graded exercise tests : protocols
Exercise prescription for health and fitness
Prescription of exercise
General guidelines for improving
Exercise prescription for CRF
Sequence of physical activity
Strength and flexibility training
Exercise for special populations
Diabetes
Asthma
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Hypertension
Cardiac rehabilitation
Exercise for older adults
Exercise during pregnancy
PHYSIOLOGY OF PERFORMANCE
Factors affecting performance:
Sites of fatigue
Factors limiting All-out anaerobic performances
Factors limiting All-out aerobic performances
Laboratory assessment of human performance:
Laboratory assessment of physical performance
Direct testing of maximal aerobic power
Laboratory tests to predict endurance performance
Determination of anaerobic power
Evaluation of muscular strength
Training of performance
Training principles
Components of a training session: warm-up, workout and cool down
Training to improve aerobic power
Injuries and endurance training
Training for improved anaerobic power
Training to improve muscular strength
Training for improved flexibility
Year-round conditioning for athletes
Common training mistakes
Training for the female athlete, children and special population
Factors important to women involved in vigorous training
Sports conditioning for children
Competitive training for diabetics
Training for asthmatics
Epilepsy and physical training
RECOMMENDED BOOKS
Textbook of Physiology by Guyton and Hall, Latest Ed.
Review of Medical Physiology by William F. Ganong, Latest Ed.
Physiology by Berne and Levy, Latest Ed.
Human Physiology: The Basis of Medicine by Gillian Pocock, Christopher D. Richards
Physiological Basis of Medical Practice by John B. West and Taylor,12th Ed.
Exercise Physiology- Theory and Application to Fitness and Performance by: Scott K. Powers, Edward T. Howley.
Exercise physiology, A thematic Approach By: Tudor Hale, University College Chichester, UK
Additional study material as assigned by the tutor
KINEASIOLOGY-II AND ERGONOMICS
THEORY HOURS 200
PRACTICAL HOURS 100
TOTAL HOURS 300
COURSE DESCRIPTION:
This course covers the definition of kinesiology as well as its importance in physical therapy. It identifies the scope of kinesiology and studies its application. It covers the types of human motions as well as plane and relative axis of motion. It also explains the inter-relationship among kinematic variables and utilizes this knowledge to describe and analyze motion.
This course additionally covers the classification of the joints and muscles along their distinguishing characteristics; group action of muscles arthrokinematics and osteokinematics of human movement.
The Ergonomics component of this course will also help to gain an understanding of basic theoretical concepts, principles and techniques of ergonomics as well as an introduction to fundamental ergonomic measurement tools for assessment of physical workload, posture, occupational exposure, and stress.
Kinesiology-II & Ergonomics Total Marks : 200
Theory:
The examination in the subject of Kinesiology-II & Ergonomics shall consist of three hours duration and of maximum 90 marks each. Internal Assessment shall be of 10 Marks each.
There will be 09 short essay questions in each paper from the subject of Kinesiology-II & Ergonomics and there will be no choice. There will be 6 questions from Kinesiology-II course outline and 3 questions from Ergonomics course. Each short essay question will carry 05 marks.
There will be 45 MCQs in paper and each question will carry 01 mark. There will be 25 MCQs from Kinesiology-II course outline and 20 MCQs from Ergonomics course outline.
Oral/ Practical Examination in the subject of Kinesiology-II & Ergonomics will consist of maximum 90 marks. Internal Assessment shall be of 10 Marks.
KINEASIOLOGY-II
DETAILED COURSE OUTLINE
Joint Mobility
Causes of limitation of joint
Prevention of joint stiffness
Mobilizing methods
Techniques of Mobilizing Joints
Joints of the Lower Limb
Joints of the Vertebral Column
Joints of the Upper Limb
Muscle Strength
Structure & feature
Types of Muscle work
Range of Muscle work
Group Action of Muscle work
Causes of Muscle weakness
Prevention of Muscle wasting
Early reeducation
Strengthening Methods
Techniques of Strengthening Muscles
Muscles of Lower Limb
Muscles of Spine
Muscles of Upper Limb
Posture
Inactive postures
Active postures
The postural mechanism
The pattern of posture
Principles of Re- Education
Techniques of Re-Education
Prevention of muscles wasting
The initiation of muscular contraction
Strengthening methods
Abnormal postures
NEUROMUSCULAR CO-ORDINATION
Coordinated movement
Group action of muscles
Nervous control
Inco-ordination
Re-Education
Frenkel’s exercises
INTRODUCTION TO PROPRIOCEPTIVE NEUROMUSCULAR FACILITATION
Basic Patterns
Basic techniques
WALKING AIDS
Crutches
Sticks
Tripod or Quadra pod
Frames
Practical Training/ Lab Work
MANUAL MUSCLE TESTING
Fundamentals of muscle testing
Methods of muscle recording
o Spine
o Abdomen
o Temporomandibular Joint
Basic muscle grading system
Practical demonstrations of the techniques of active, movements
Practical demonstrations gait analysis
RECOMMENDED TEXT BOOKS
Practical exercise therapy by Margaret Hollis
Brunnstrom’s Clinical Kinesiology
Clinical kinesiology and anatomy by Lynn S Lippert
Joint structure and function: a comprehensive analysis by: Pamela. K. Levangie and Cynthia. C. Norkin.
Muscle function testing by: Cunningham and Daniel.
Human movement explain by kim jonas and karenbaker
The principles of exercise therapy by: M Dena Gardiner, 4th Edition
ERGONOMICS
DETAILED COURSE OUTLINE
OVERVIEW AND CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK.
Ergonomics and Therapy: An Introduction.
A Client-Centered Framework for Therapists in Ergonomics.
Macroergonomics.
KNOWLEDGE, TOOLS, AND TECHNIQUES.
Ergonomic Assessments/Work Assessments.
Anthropometry
Cognitive and Behavioral Occupational Demands of Work.
Psychosocial Factors in Work-Related Musculoskeletal Disorders.
Physical Environment.
Human Factors in Medical Rehabilitation Equipment: Product Development and Usability Testing.
SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS.
Lifting Analysis.
Seating.
Computers and Assistive Technology.
APPLICATION PROCESS.
Ergonomics of Children and Youth.
Ergonomics of Aging.
Ergonomics in Injury Prevention and Disability Management.
Ergonomics of Play and Leisure.
Biomechanics of Human Spine
Biomechanics of the Lumbar Spine
Biomechanics of the Cervical Spine
Factors influencing relative mobility and stability of different regions of Spine
Biomechanical adaptations of spine during different functions
Relationship between muscle location and nature and effectiveness of muscle action in the trunk
Biomechanical contribution to common injuries of the spine
Applied Biomechanics
Introduction to the Biomechanics of Fracture Fixation
Biomechanics of Arthroplasty
Engineering Approaches to Standing, Sitting, and Lying
Biomechanics of Gait
Angular Kinetics Of Human Movement
Angular analogues of mass, force, momentum and impulse
Angular analogues of Newton's laws of motion
Centripetal and Centrifugal forces
Angular acceleration
Angular Kinematics Of Human Movement
Measuring body angles
Angular kinematics Relationships
Relationship between Linear and Angular motion
Human Movement In Fluid Medium
The nature of fluids
Buoyancy and floatation of human body
Drag and components of drag
Lift Force
Propulsion in a fluid medium
Practical Training / Lab Work
Biomechanical assessment of Upper extremity
Biomechanical assessment of Lower Extremity
Biomechanical assessment of Gait
Reflective case assignment related to biomechanics of various regions of the body
Measurement of angles of joints
Biomechanical study of deformities
Recommended text books
Basic biomechanics of musculoskeletal system By: Nordin & Frankel, 3rd edition.
Basic Biomechanics, By: Susan J. Hall 4th edition.
Additional study material as assigned by the tutor.
Ergonomics for the therapist by Karen Jacobs 3rd edition mosby and Elsevier publishers
BIOCHEMISTRY & GENETICS
`
THEORY HOURS 200
TOTAL HOURS 200
COURSE DESCRIPTION:
This course provides the knowledge and skills in fundamental organic chemistry and introductory biochemistry that are essential for further studies It covers basic biochemical, cellular, biological and microbiological processes, basic chemical reactions in the prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, the structure of biological molecules, introduction to the nutrients i.e. carbohydrates, fats, enzymes, nucleic acids and amino acids. The nutritional biochemistry concludes the course.
Biochemistry & Genetics- Total Marks : 200
Theory:
The examination in the subject of Biochemistry & Genetics shall consist of three hours duration and of maximum 90 marks each. Internal Assessment shall be of 10 Marks each.
There will be 09 short essay questions in each paper from the subject of Biochemistry & Genetics and there will be no choice. Each short essay question will carry 05 marks.
There will be 45 MCQs in paper and each question will carry 01 mark.
Oral/ Practical Examination in the subject of Biochemistry & Genetics will consist of maximum 90 marks.
Internal Assessment shall be of 10 Marks.
DETAILED COURSE OUTLINE
Cell
Introduction to Biochemistry
Cell: (Biochemical Aspects)
Cell Membrane Structure
Membrane Proteins
Receptors & Signal Molecules
Body Fluids
Structure and properties of Water
Weak Acids & Bases
Concept of pH & pK
Buffers, their mechanism of action
Body buffers
Biomolecules
Amino Acids, Peptides & Proteins
Amino acids: Classification
Acid-Base Properties
Functions & Significance.
Protein Structure, Primary, Secondary & Super secondary. &, Structural Motifs
Tertiary & Quaternary Structures of Proteins
Protein Domains
Classification of Proteins
Fibrous proteins (collagens and elastins ) & Globular proteins
Enzymes
Introduction
Classification & Properties of Enzymes
Coenzymes
Isozymes & Proenzymes
Regulation & Inhibition of Enzyme activity & enzymes inhibitors
Clinical Diagnostic Enzymology
Carbohydrates
Definition
Classification
Biochemical Functions & Significance of Carbohydrates
Structure & Properties of Monosaccharides & Oligosaccharides
Structure & Properties of Polysaccharides
Bacterial cell Wall
Heteropolysaccharides
GAGS
Lipids
Classification of Lipids
Fatty Acids: Chemistry
Classification occurrence & Functions
Structure & Properties of Triacylglycerols and Complex Lipids
Classification & Functions of Eicosanoids
Cholesterol: Chemistry, Functions & Clinical Significance
Bile acids/salts
Nucleic Acids
Structure, Functions & Biochemical Role of Nucleotides
Structure & Functions of DNA
Structure & Functions of RNA
Nutritional Biochemistry
Minerals & Trace Elements
Sources
RDA
Biochemical Functions & Clinical Significance of Calcium & Phosphorus
Sources
RDA
Biochemical Functions & Clinical Significance of Sodium Potassium& Chloride
Metabolism of Iron, Cu, Zn, Mg, Mn, Se, I,F
Vitamins
Sources
RDA
Biochemical Functions & Clinical Significance of Fat Soluble Vitamins
Sources
RDA
Biochemical Functions & Clinical Significance of Water Soluble
Vitamins
Nutrition
Dietary Importance of Carbohydrates, Lipids & Proteins
Balanced Diet
Molecular Biology
DNA Replication & Repair in Prokaryotes
DNA Replication & Repair in Eukaryotes
Tissue Biochemistry
Extracellular Matrix
Collagen
Elastin and Extracellular Matrix Components
Biochemistry of Proteoglycans
Bone & Teeth
Muscle & Cytoskeleton
Metabolism
Bioenergetics
Introduction to Bioenergetics,
Biological Oxidations
Electron Transport Chain and Oxidative Phosphorylation
Metabolism of Carbohydrates
Digestion & Absorption of Carbohydrates
Glycolysis & its Regulation
Citric Acid Cycle
Metabolism of Glycogen
Gluconeogenesis and regulation of blood glucose
Pentose Phosphate Pathway & its Significance
Metabolism of Lipids
Digestion & Absorption of Lipids
Metabolism & Clinical Significance of Lipoproteins
Fatty acid oxidation biosynthesis and metabolism of Triacylglycerols
Metabolism & clinical Significance of Cholesterol
Metabolism of Eicosanoids
Metabolism of Proteins & Amino Acids
Digestion of Proteins & Absorption of Amino Acids
Transamination & Deamination of Amino Acids and urea cycle
Specialized products formed from Amino Acids
Molecular Biology
Transcription in Prokaryotes
Transcription in Eukaryotes
Translation: (Genetic Code) Protein Synthesis in Prokaryotes
Translation: (Genetic Code) Protein Synthesis in Eukaryotes
Translation Inhibition by Antibiotics
Regulation of Gene Expression
Recombinant DNA Technology & Polymerase Chain Reaction
Hormones
Classification & Mechanism of Action of Hormones
Signal Transduction, Second Messengers and Receptors
Steroid Hormones: Glucocorticoids and Mineralocorticoids
Insulin & Glucagon
Recommended Text Books:
Harper’s Biochemistry by Robbert K. Murray, Daryl K. Granner, Peter A. Mayes, Victor W. Rodwell, Latest Ed.
Lippincott’s Illustrated Review of Biochemistry by Pamela C. Champe and Richard A. Harvey, Latest Ed.
Practical Clinical Biochemistry by Varley.
Textbook of Biochemistry by Devlin, 5th Ed.
Textbook of Medical Biochemistry Vol-I and II by M.A. Hashmi.
Biochemistry by Stryer, Lubert, Latest Ed.
MEDICAL PHYSICS
THEORY HOURS 200
TOTAL HOURS 200
COURSE DESCRIPTION:
This course will cover the basic principal of Physics which are applicable in medical equipment used in Physical therapy. Also help to understand the fundamentals of currents, sound waves, Heat & its effects, electromedical radiations and their effects as well as their application in physical therapy.
Medical Physics Total Marks : 100
The examination in the subject shall consist of one Theory paper of three hours duration and of maximum 90 marks. Internal Assessment shall be of 10 Marks.
There will be 09 short essay questions from the subject of Medical Physics and there will be no choice. Each short essay question will carry 05 marks.
There will be 45 MCQs and each question will carry 01 mark.
DETAILED COURSE OUTLINE
ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM:
Structure of an atom
Electron Theory, Conductors & Insulations
Conduction & Convection
Displacement Current
STATIC ELECTRICITY
Charging by conduction and Induction
Electrostatic Fields
Capacitors, types of capacitors, Construction, Units
Arrangement of Capacitors in series and parallel
Charging and discharging of capacitors
Oscillating Discharge of Capacitors
CURRENT ELECTRICITY
Ohm’s Law
Electrical Components and their unit
Resistance
Types of Resistance, Units
Chemical effects of a Current
Types of Current
Cell and Batteries
Simple Voltage Cell
Wet and dry Lachlanhe Cell
Combination of Cells in series and parallel
Thermal effects of current
Electrolysis and Electrolytic burns
Ionization of gases and Thermionic emission
Electronic tubes
Diodes and Triodes
ELECTROMAGNETISM:
Molecular theory of magnetism
Magnetic effect of an electric current
Moving coil volt meter and Ammeter
Moving iron type, hot wire type and Thermocouple type meter
Measurement of high frequency and alternate current with meters
Electromagnetic induction
Faradays law and Lenses law
Mutual and self Induction
Eddy currents
Transformer
Construction and types
Static and auto Transformer
Dynamo, construction
A.C & D.C Dynamo
ELECTRO MECHANICS:
Current for treatment
Rectification
Rectification of A.C
Half wave and full wave Rectification
Valve rectification circuits and metal rectifier
Surging of current
Lewis surger and valve surger
Reverser
Metronome interrupter and Reverse Jones motor interrupter
Vibrations and Multivibrators circuit
CLASSIFICATION OF CURRENTS (OVERVIEW) LOW FREQUENCY CURRENT
Sinusoidal current
Faradic current
Galvanic current (constant and interrupted)
Diadynamic current TENS
Smart Bristow faradic coil
Super imposed current and their graphical representation
MEDIUM FREQUENCY CURRENT
Interferential current
Russian current
HIGH FREQUENCY CURRENT (Produced by)
Spark
Valves
Transistors
Long waves, medium waves short waves micro waves
SOUND WAVES
Wave motion in sound
Infrasonic
Normal hearing band
Characteristics of the sound waves and their velocities
Ultrasonic
Reflection and refraction of sound waves
Characteristics of tone resonance and beats
Interference of sound waves
HEAT
Scales of temp and its conversion to other scales
Nature of heat energy
Specific heat and three modes of heat energy transfer effect of impurities on melting and boiling points
ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION
Electromagnetic spectrum
Relationship between frequency and wave length
Laws of reflection, refraction and absorptions
Total internal reflection
Cosine law and inverse square law
Concave and convex mirrors
Lenses and prisms
Reflectors
Radio wave (long, medium, short, micro waves)
Infra red rays
Visible rays
Ultra violet rays
X-rays
Nuclear waves (alpha beta and gamma)
SAFETY IN BIOMEDICAL INSTRUMENTS
Electrical outlets, hot, neutral and ground connections
House wiring
Pervasiveness of electricity and of electric shocks
Causes of electric shocks and precaution
Effect of electric current on human body
Techniques to reduce the effect of electric shock
Earth shocks and precaution against earth shocks
RADIATION PROTECTION
Ionizing and non ionizing radiations
Quantities and associated units of radiations
Effect of ionizing and non ionizing radiation’s
Internal and external hazards
Main principle to control external hazard
Distance and shielding
PRACTICAL
To verify the ohm’s Law
To find the specific resistance by using the potential divider
To verify the joules law of electrical methods
To calibrate a thermo couple and an unknown temperature
To find the acceleration due to gravity by simple pendulum
To verify the law of reflection of light
To verify the law of refraction of light
To verify the refraction index of glass using rectangular slab.
Recommended Text Books
Clayton’s Electrotherapy and actinotherapy by: PM Scott
Medical physics for physical therapists by: AD Moore
Preliminary Electricity for Physiothrapists by B. Savage.
Basic Electronics by Grob.
Principles of Bio-instrumention by Richard A. Normann.
Hand book of Biomedical Instrumentation by R.S. Khanpur.
Basic Radiation Protection Technology by Gollnick
HEALTH AND WELNESS
THEORY HOURS 50
TOTAL HOURS 50
HEALTH & WELLNESS:
COURSE DESCRIPTION:
This course includes discussion on the theories of health and wellness, including motivational theory, locus of control, public health initiative, and psycho-Social, spiritual and cultural consideration. Health risks, screening, and assessment considering epidemiological principles are emphasized. Risk reduction strategies for primary and secondary prevention, including programs for special populations are covered.
DETAILED COURSE OUTLINE
Prevention Practice: A Holistic Perspective for Physical Therapy:
Defining Health
Predictions of Health Care
Comparing Holistic Medicine and Conventional Medicine
Distinguishing Three Types of Prevention Practice.
Healthy People:
Definition of healthy people
Health education Resources
Physical Therapist role for a healthy community.
Key Concepts of Fitness:
Defining & Measuring Fitness
Assessment of Stress with a Survey
Visualizing Fitness
Screening for Mental and Physical Fitness
Body Mass Index calculations
Fitness Training:
Physical Activities Readiness Questionnaire
Physical Activities Pyramid
Exercise Programs
Evidence-Based Practice
Screening for Health, Fitness, and Wellness:
Distinguishing Screening, Examination, and Evaluation
Interviewing for Health, Fitness and Wellness
Vital Signes, 3-minute Step Test, and Borg perceived Scale of Exertion
Seven Dimensions of Wellness
Physical Health Screening
Health, Fitness, and Wellness Issues during Childhood and Adolescence:
Structure and Function
Recognizing and Reporting Child abuse
Denver II Developmental Screening
Special Concerns in Pediatrics
Program for Prevention of Obesity
Health, Fitness, and Wellness During Adulthood:
Tasks of Adulthood
Adult Health and Wellness Risks
Screening Tools for Adulthood
Adult Educational Materials
Women's Health Issues: Focus on Pregnancy:
Screening for Women’s Health
Women’s Heart Disease
Female Athlete Triad
Educational Material for Women
Prepartum and Postpartum Exercises
Prevention Practice for Older Adults :
Ageism
Anatomical and Physiological Changes with Aging
Common Health Problems of Older Adults
Screening Older Adult for Health Fitness and Wellness
Fitness for Older Adults
Resources to Optimize Health and Wellness:
Chronic Illness
Nutrition
Progressive Relaxation
Time management
Spirituality
Health Protection:
Infection Control
Injury Prevention during Childhood
Injury prevention during Adolescence
Injury Prevention during Adulthood
Injury Prevention during Older Adulthood
Prevention Practice for Musculoskeletal Conditions:
Musculoskeletal, Changes in Childhood and Adolescence
Musculoskeletal Changes with Aging
Ergonomics
Workplace Screening for Musculoskeletal Risk
Prevention Practice for Cardiopulmonary Conditions:
Common Cardiopulmonary Disorders
Screening for Cardiopulmonary Conditions
Prevention of Cardiovascular Conditions
Prevention of pulmonary Conditions
Recommended Exercises for Chronic Diseases
Prevention Practice for Neuromuscular Conditions:
Prevention Practice for Stroke
Prevention Practice for spinal Cord Injury
Prevention Practice for Parkinson’s disease
Prevention practice for Multiple Sclerosis
Prevention Practice for Integumentary Disorders:
Lifespan Changes of the integumentary System
Skin Care
Prevention Practice for Individuals with Developmental Disabilities:
Defining Developmental Disabilities
Misconceptions about Disabilities
Promoting Health for Individuals with Developmental Disabilities
Quality of life for Individuals with Developmental Disabilities
Marketing Health and Wellness:
Definition of Marketing
Marketing Strategies for health and wellness Centers
RECOMMENDED BOOKS:
A Physical Therapist’s Guide to Health, Fitness, and Wellness
By Catherine R Thompson, PhD, MS, PT
BEHAVIOURAL SCIENCES:
THEORY HOURS 50
TOTAL HOURS 50
COURSE DESCRIPTION:
This course is designed to increase awareness of psychosocial issues faced by individuals and their significant reference groups at various points on the continuum of health and disability, including factors that influence values about health promotion, wellness, illness and disability. Personal and professional attitudes and values are discussed as they relate to developing therapeutic relationships. Communication skills are emphasized for effective interaction with clients, health-care professionals and others
In First year the student will cover only some part of course, examination will be conducted at the end of third professional year.
Stress Management
Definition and classification of stress and stressors
Relationship of stress and stressors with illness
Stress and health
Anxiety
Coping skills
Psychological defence mechanisms
Conflict and frustration
Adjustment and maladjustment
Patient anxiety / stress
Psychological theories of pain perception and patients’ experience of pain Treatment adherence and compliance
Psychological techniques including hypnosis
Doctor – Patient Relationship
Concept of boundaries and psychological reactions in doctor – patient relationship (such as transference and counter transference)
Pain, Sleep and Consciousness
Concept of pain
Physiology of pain, psychosocial assessment and management of chronic /intractable atypical facial pain
Stages of sleep
Physiology of consciousness
Attend states of consciousness
Psychological influence on sleep and consciousness
Non-pharmacological methods of inducing sleep
Changes in consciousness
Recommended Text Books:
A Handbook of Behavioural Sciences for Medical and Dental Students By: Mowadat H Rana, Sohail Ali and Mansoor Mustafa, , University of Health Sciences Lahore
Medicine in Society ; Behavioural Sciences for Medical Students, By: Christopher Dowrick, , Arnold Publisher
Behavioural Sciences in Clinical Medicine By: Wolf & Stewert
Developmental Psychology for Healthcare Professions By: Katherine A Billingham
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